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A lot was written about the racist implications of the chain of being. Scientific racism and scientific sexism both taught that proper social relation between the races and the sexes existed in nature. Scientific racism depended on a chain of being or hierarchy or species in nature that was unilinear and absolute. On the other hand, scientific sexism depended on radical biological divergence (PAGE NUMBER). Males were taken as a universal racial subject when studying skulls, which was eventually used to create a new radical chain of