National Health Interview Study

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The second study analyzed is a bivariate analysis by Zhang, Tao, & Irwin (2000), focusing on rural and urban residents and their respective utilization of preventative medical services. Specifically, the study compared the utilization of three preventative services, Papanicolaou (Pap) smears among women aged 18-65 years old, mammograms among women aged 50-69 years, and flu shots for men and women aged 65 years and older (Zhang et al., 2000). This study aimed to yield quantitative results, collecting this information from the National Health Interview Survey from 2000, which relies on self-reported data. Initially, a bivariate analysis (Wald chi-square tests) was used to determine a relationship between utilization of each preventative services between rural and urban populations. …show more content…
Next, the study stratified the population sample based on region, education, household income and insurance status, and again, only mammogram utilization was statistically significant between rural and urban residents. Finally, a logistical model was conducted for the statistically significant results from the first chi-square test and other explanatory variables that could possibly impact the relationship between utilization of mammograms between rural and urban residents. These results were presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. After adjusting for confounding factors, the relationship between rural and urban did not remain significant. This suggests that these confounding variables have an association with utilization of preventative medical services, however this relationship is not explored further (Zhang et al.,

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