Marco Polo talks about culture more completely foreign to him than either Xuanzang or Ibn Battuta; China did not have the same religious tradition compared to where he came from. This probably is the reason why he has brief descriptions of religious life and practice in Hangzhou. His posture towards the culture of India was descriptive, without the clear criticisms of Battuta and the very positive passages found in Marco Polo’s account. Ibn Battuta made his own culture, mostly Islam and the culture of Islam. Basically, he either praises or criticizes West African culture. Battuta’s mainly described West Africa based on his description from good Islamic practice and Islamic culture describes Buddhism. Marco Polo’s account reflects his very
