The fourth historical period is the Modern, between 1750 to 1980, when the Pacific islands were being influenced by Europe’s political, economic, and cultural exchange. During this time, Europeans take up the role among themselves to be the world’s guardians of civilization and morality. However, their views and practices only promoted racism and inequality. “In spite of their persistent claims to universal leadership, however they remained strangely oblivious to their racist practices and the appalling conditions of inequality that existed both within their own societies and between global North and South” (Steger, p. 31). Many philosophers began to spread their ideas of individualism and rational self-interested to resist the government’s
