Chapter 13: Political Transformations 1450 - 1750 During these three centuries, building an empire was the norm. In this era, several empire flourished such as the Aztec and Inca of America. The Spanish, Portuguese, French, British, and Dutch people also built their own empires and strived to expand them in different parts of the world.…
Pre-Columbian Period Pre-Columbian Colombia, was host to a broad range of indigenous peoples, with a population size ranging from 850,000 to four million – according to historian estimates. Additionally, these indigenous populations had varying levels of civilization: on one end of the spectrum, there existed hunter-gatherer groups living in the tropical rain forest, and on the other advanced groups such as the Tairona and Muisca, living at high altitudes. In between, there were several organized indigenous groups called chiefdoms, that were frequently at war with each other and supposedly practiced cannibalism. The Tairona, one of the two more advanced civilized groups, inhabited the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and had complex societies, with chiefdom hierarchies, stone road systems, advanced agricultural (composed of irrigational and terrace systems), well established trading systems, and artifact production.…
Between 1453 and 1526 years Muslims created two enormous states in the Mediterranean and Asia: the Ottoman and Mughal empires. The Ottoman and Mughal empires played very important role, because they created an imperial cultural land within the broader Islamic civilization. However, the Ottoman and Mughal empires did not intend to set Islam as a dominant role in their politics and culture. Despite Islam contributed to the systems of legitimacy, there were enormous non-Muslim populations within the empires. There was a diversity of religions.…
The Mongol and the Ottoman empires used similar techniques while taking over and controlling civilizations because of an underlying common theme within expanding empires, however, aspects involving specific methods and level of association with their conquered set them apart. In the conquest for overall power over the people of the world, the Mongols stretched their empire across most of Eurasia, and also arose conflicts that are now considered ancient world wars. The Ottoman Empires rule peaked in the 1600’s and 1700’s in their lifespan of 1299-1923, with their power stretching over most of Southeastern Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. Although the Mongols in the 12th and 13th centuries and the Ottomans in the 16th and 17th centuries both conquered and created empires through invasion by land and desired power and riches to the detriment of the…
The Islamic empire expanded due to their violent forces and smart thinking. One example of their empire expanding that was due to their forces was in 636 CE when they fought the Eastern Roman Empire. During this time Al-Biladuri wrote in "The Battle of Yarmuk and After" and stated that Muslims fought one of the most fiercest and bloodiest kind of war and defeated 70,000 Greeks with only 24,000 Muslims who took part. Given the fact that the Muslims were so tough, they could easily win several battles. By defeating others in battles they would be able to conquer more territories and continue expanding.…
There are many myths about the start of the Inca Empire. It is known that the Incas started as a single family tribe around 1200 AD. One religion says that Viracocha created the world and people. When these people started fighting with each other, Viracocha turned them to stone. Later, he returned, created the sun and moon, recreated humans, and spread them across the earth.…
However the name was changed specifically to a “holy war” because of the implications that were tied to that name(Throop 4). A holy war entails everything that a just war entails, and more. Just wars, are wars that need to occur. For example a war fought over oil or trade does not need to occur. Just wars must have a just cause, legitimate authority, and the right intentions(Throop 4).…
The Incan Empire, at its peak, extended over 2,600 miles of South America spanning almost the entire western coast of the continent (D’altroy 3). A large portion of its kingdom was mountainous villages and communities, all functioning at altitudes surpassing 13,000 feet (McKay 307). The Inca developed a large empire in the Andes due to the successful management and intelligent use of the land coupled with their unique physiology. Inca farmers were very aware of the environment they lived in and the conditions of it.…
In the Inca religion they worshiped a few gods. In their religion they sacrificed animals. They sacrificed animals daily. One of the gods they worshiped was Viracocha. The Inca believed that Viracocha made the Earth.…
The Incan Empire's expansion dates back to the 1300s, where their then emperor Mayta Capac started expanding outside the Cuzco Valley. The reason: resources. The weather at the time was getting warmer and the crop yields were getting smaller and water becoming more scarce. The Incas were not going to starve, and therefore they started going to war and conquering smaller nations around them so they could exploit their resources.…
Contrasting the rise of Islam in the first Caliphate to the final Islamic empire, encompassed in the Ottomans, shows many parallels while not being completely homogeneous. Both dominions grew through military conquest and both were ultimately unable to maintain central control of their outskirts, a consequence of inefficient delegation. They showed “tolerance” to non-Muslims through inequality under the law, higher taxes, and slavery. Many positions within their military and government structures were filled by non-Muslims slaves; including elevated positions not often associated with slavery. Finally, both capitulated to outside military force, the former from the East and the latter from the West.…
The Aztec and Inca civilizations in their prime were both highly developed, sophisticated and intelligent societies, but there were numerous differences in their governments, societies, and economies. Before their conquests by Cortes and Pizarro, respectively, both were very advanced and controlled large amounts of land, but there were fundamental differences in the way the empires were managed. The societies of the Aztec and Inca were similar in some ways, but differences in the ruling bodies of each civilization led to differences in the lives of the people. The Inca people were ruled by a centralized, totalitarian government that consisted of the Sapa Inca, the head of the empire, as well as government officials for different areas…
During the beginning of the Wars of Religion the wars that took place between the armies were nothing more than pillaging hordes of men fighting.…
When the Spanish first arrived in the New World they encountered two powerful empires: The Aztec and the Inca. However, the Inca and the Aztecs used different methods to control their empires, especially in the areas of economics and state religions. These methods, although different in structure, did contain some similarities. This demonstrates that empires can be equally powerful, but use different methods of organizing economic and religious systems.…
The Islamic caliphates and Chinese empire both became important civilizations in the early middle ages, their rise to power and development varied through cultural interactions, social hierarchies, and economic systems. The Islamic caliphates valued interaction with other cultures while the Chinese empire did not think highly of other cultures. The Islamic caliphates tolerated other religions such as Christianity and Judaism. The…