Throughout the history people have used maps in order to locate themselves and their points of interest. Instruments like compass, hourglass and quadrant assisted sailors to navigate and arrive at a particular location. Navigation and positioning, as most fields of life, have advanced and improved since then, and at the present are easier than ever thanks to the Internet and sophisticated technological devices. Global Positioning System, or better known as GPS, is the United State of America’s system of positioning which operates using several satellites to locate a point anywhere on Earth. In addition to its pin-pointing service, GPS also aids its users by giving the best route to a certain location as well as instructions on how to get there.
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First, legacy signals include C/A, P(Y) and M-codes. These signals run on the L1 band at a widely used frequency of 1575.42 MHz (Rodriguez, 2008, p.12). These codes have worked for many years and have been adapted by modern satellites for further use. However these signals may not be the best to use nowadays, since there are new ones that provide better accuracy and are easier to receive. The new modernized signals are L1C, L2C and L5, each with their own capabilities and specifications. The L1C signal was at first planned as a shared signal between US GPS and Galileo, but because of its compatibility with the C/A code, increased power, and improved tracking, it got integrated by other positioning systems as well (Duncan, 2011, “L1C”). L2C on the other hand, when compared to the legacy signal L1 C/A, is superior in almost all aspects. Furthermore, even though this signal is weaker than L5, it can be more useful with applications that are smaller, cheaper and that run on low power (Cheung, Fontana, Novak & Stansell, 2001, p.14). L5 is another new signal, which is characterized by great powerfulness, great bandwidth and the ability to work over huge distances with great amount of data. These capabilities make it a very safe signal, suitable for air traveling and transportation (Duncan, 2011, “L5”). L5 together with L1C and L2C present a great refinement of old signals, and …show more content…
The Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) will be a highly secured system that tries to protect the ground control from sophisticated cyber threats and hacking. In order for a threat to get to OCX, it has to pass several security layers including: firewalls/intrusion detection, PKI/Encryption, Secure OS, Cross-Domain Guards and Secure Code (Raytheon, 2016, “Unparalleled protection”). This level of safety means that ground control’s OCX will enable the usage of the new signals (L1C, L2C and L5) to their full potential, thus providing the use of multiple frequencies, which have been available to the military only (Raytheon, 2016, “Effective use of the most modern civil and military signals”). With its high security level and the compatibility with the latest signals, OCX presents a huge update of the control system which, when considered together with the upcoming GPSIII and the new signals, represents the new generation of GPS and its constituents. In addition to the Operational Control, the application of Braxton’s LADO poses another step towards the modernization of the control segment. Launch, Anomaly resolution, and Disposal Operations (LADO) is a system built in order to control space crafts, astrodynamics and simulation. From 2007 it has executed all the planning, commanding and processing required for the
First, legacy signals include C/A, P(Y) and M-codes. These signals run on the L1 band at a widely used frequency of 1575.42 MHz (Rodriguez, 2008, p.12). These codes have worked for many years and have been adapted by modern satellites for further use. However these signals may not be the best to use nowadays, since there are new ones that provide better accuracy and are easier to receive. The new modernized signals are L1C, L2C and L5, each with their own capabilities and specifications. The L1C signal was at first planned as a shared signal between US GPS and Galileo, but because of its compatibility with the C/A code, increased power, and improved tracking, it got integrated by other positioning systems as well (Duncan, 2011, “L1C”). L2C on the other hand, when compared to the legacy signal L1 C/A, is superior in almost all aspects. Furthermore, even though this signal is weaker than L5, it can be more useful with applications that are smaller, cheaper and that run on low power (Cheung, Fontana, Novak & Stansell, 2001, p.14). L5 is another new signal, which is characterized by great powerfulness, great bandwidth and the ability to work over huge distances with great amount of data. These capabilities make it a very safe signal, suitable for air traveling and transportation (Duncan, 2011, “L5”). L5 together with L1C and L2C present a great refinement of old signals, and …show more content…
The Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) will be a highly secured system that tries to protect the ground control from sophisticated cyber threats and hacking. In order for a threat to get to OCX, it has to pass several security layers including: firewalls/intrusion detection, PKI/Encryption, Secure OS, Cross-Domain Guards and Secure Code (Raytheon, 2016, “Unparalleled protection”). This level of safety means that ground control’s OCX will enable the usage of the new signals (L1C, L2C and L5) to their full potential, thus providing the use of multiple frequencies, which have been available to the military only (Raytheon, 2016, “Effective use of the most modern civil and military signals”). With its high security level and the compatibility with the latest signals, OCX presents a huge update of the control system which, when considered together with the upcoming GPSIII and the new signals, represents the new generation of GPS and its constituents. In addition to the Operational Control, the application of Braxton’s LADO poses another step towards the modernization of the control segment. Launch, Anomaly resolution, and Disposal Operations (LADO) is a system built in order to control space crafts, astrodynamics and simulation. From 2007 it has executed all the planning, commanding and processing required for the