The human brain has many functions, but one of its most significant attributes is its capacity to store information, which is referred to as memory. In a paper written by Schacter, he describes the two forms of memory, “Explicit memory is reflected by conscious recall and recognition of recent information and events. Implicit memory is reflected by non-conscious effects of past experience on subsequent behavior, as expressed by such phenomena as priming, skill learning, and habit formation” (1689). This information on memory led Clark and Squire to focus their research on classical conditioning, a type of associative learning. They focused on the conditioning of the eye-blink response in normal patients and patients with damage to their hippocampus,
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Figure 2A shows the results of the first true or false exam, which contained 10 questions regarding the patient’s memory of the silent film. In all four of the control groups with delay and trace conditioning, the patients answered at least 9 out of 10 questions correct, which indicates that their memory of the film was not affected during conditioning. However, as figure 2A shows the amnesic group answered only 6 out of 10 questions correctly. Figure 2B shows the results of the second true or false exam, which consisted of 17 questions on the relationship between the CS+, CS-, and the US. If the patients answered more than 13 questions correctly then they were considered aware (black bars) and patients that answered less than 12 questions correctly were considered unaware (white bars). As the figure shows, the amnesic patients (striped bars) were only tested in the delay 1250 ms and trace 1000 ms conditioning groups. Out of all four of the conditioning groups, the majority of the control patients were labeled as aware, because they answered 13 or more questions correctly. However, in the delay 1250 ms group, the amnesic patients answered about 11 questions correctly, which was a few more than the unaware control patients during delay conditioning. In the trace 1000 ms group, the unaware and amnesic answered close to the same amount of questions correctly. Therefore, figure 2B indicates that most of the control patients were aware of the CS-US relationship, while none of the amnesic patients developed awareness of the relationship between the
Figure 2A shows the results of the first true or false exam, which contained 10 questions regarding the patient’s memory of the silent film. In all four of the control groups with delay and trace conditioning, the patients answered at least 9 out of 10 questions correct, which indicates that their memory of the film was not affected during conditioning. However, as figure 2A shows the amnesic group answered only 6 out of 10 questions correctly. Figure 2B shows the results of the second true or false exam, which consisted of 17 questions on the relationship between the CS+, CS-, and the US. If the patients answered more than 13 questions correctly then they were considered aware (black bars) and patients that answered less than 12 questions correctly were considered unaware (white bars). As the figure shows, the amnesic patients (striped bars) were only tested in the delay 1250 ms and trace 1000 ms conditioning groups. Out of all four of the conditioning groups, the majority of the control patients were labeled as aware, because they answered 13 or more questions correctly. However, in the delay 1250 ms group, the amnesic patients answered about 11 questions correctly, which was a few more than the unaware control patients during delay conditioning. In the trace 1000 ms group, the unaware and amnesic answered close to the same amount of questions correctly. Therefore, figure 2B indicates that most of the control patients were aware of the CS-US relationship, while none of the amnesic patients developed awareness of the relationship between the