INTRODUCTION
About 2400 years BC, Hippocrates advised: “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” (Rishi 2006). Herbal medicines are used as a method of diseases treatment all over the world, especially in some countries like Iran. Advantages, such as less adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and lower final prices, make them a good alternative source for synthetic drugs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs used to treat joint, bone, and muscle inflammation and pain. Nevertheless, NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal discomfort and even cause stomach ulcers (Sostres, Gargallo et al. 2010). In addition, widely used NSAIDs, such as naproxen, low-dose ibuprofen, and diclofenac in doses available …show more content…
The control group only received distilled water-tween 80 (5%). It should be noted that SS powder was prepared in distilled water.
The paw thickness was measured from the ventral to the dorsal surfaces using a plethysmometer prior to formalin injection. It was also measured 1 h after formalin injection and then at 24-h intervals for 8 days. The extracts solution or SS solution was injected IP 30 min before induction of inflammation. From the second to the eighth day, first the paw thickness of each rat was measured and recorded followed by immediate IP injection of special drugs for each group. The data were expressed as the percentage of increase in thickness.
Statistical analysis: All data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The study groups were compared using ANOVA and Newman–Keults post-hoc test. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software (version 22, Chicago, IL, USA) and p<0.05) (Table 2). From the second to the eighth day of the study, no significant difference was found between C. coluteoides bioss and SS regarding their anti-inflammatory effects (paw thickness). However, this difference was statistically significant on the first day of the study (1 h after formalin injection) (Table …show more content…
coluteoides boiss aerial parts was investigated using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technique and Clevenger. On the basis of their results, the main components extracted by Clevenger were Hexadecanoic acid (25.11%), 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoicacid (10.01%), alpha-Cadinol (8.24%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimet (8.24%), and Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (8.12%). Furthermore, nineteen constituents identified using the SC-CO2 extraction method were Hexadecanoic acid (28.32%), 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid (9.87%), alpha-Cadinol (7.98%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimet (7.98%), and Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (8.94%) (Sodeifian, Ardestani et al. 2016). Thus, Hexadecanoic acid and Eicosatrienoic acid were presented as the main components extracted from C. coluteoides boiss aerial parts (Sodeifian, Ardestani et al.
About 2400 years BC, Hippocrates advised: “Let food be your medicine and medicine be your food” (Rishi 2006). Herbal medicines are used as a method of diseases treatment all over the world, especially in some countries like Iran. Advantages, such as less adverse effects, therapeutic efficacy, and lower final prices, make them a good alternative source for synthetic drugs. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the most common drugs used to treat joint, bone, and muscle inflammation and pain. Nevertheless, NSAIDs may cause gastrointestinal discomfort and even cause stomach ulcers (Sostres, Gargallo et al. 2010). In addition, widely used NSAIDs, such as naproxen, low-dose ibuprofen, and diclofenac in doses available …show more content…
The control group only received distilled water-tween 80 (5%). It should be noted that SS powder was prepared in distilled water.
The paw thickness was measured from the ventral to the dorsal surfaces using a plethysmometer prior to formalin injection. It was also measured 1 h after formalin injection and then at 24-h intervals for 8 days. The extracts solution or SS solution was injected IP 30 min before induction of inflammation. From the second to the eighth day, first the paw thickness of each rat was measured and recorded followed by immediate IP injection of special drugs for each group. The data were expressed as the percentage of increase in thickness.
Statistical analysis: All data were expressed as mean ± SEM. The study groups were compared using ANOVA and Newman–Keults post-hoc test. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software (version 22, Chicago, IL, USA) and p<0.05) (Table 2). From the second to the eighth day of the study, no significant difference was found between C. coluteoides bioss and SS regarding their anti-inflammatory effects (paw thickness). However, this difference was statistically significant on the first day of the study (1 h after formalin injection) (Table …show more content…
coluteoides boiss aerial parts was investigated using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technique and Clevenger. On the basis of their results, the main components extracted by Clevenger were Hexadecanoic acid (25.11%), 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoicacid (10.01%), alpha-Cadinol (8.24%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimet (8.24%), and Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (8.12%). Furthermore, nineteen constituents identified using the SC-CO2 extraction method were Hexadecanoic acid (28.32%), 11,14,17-Eicosatrienoic acid (9.87%), alpha-Cadinol (7.98%), 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimet (7.98%), and Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (8.94%) (Sodeifian, Ardestani et al. 2016). Thus, Hexadecanoic acid and Eicosatrienoic acid were presented as the main components extracted from C. coluteoides boiss aerial parts (Sodeifian, Ardestani et al.