1. Mr. Hayato was diagnosed with emphysema more than 10 years ago. Define emphysema and explain its underlying pathophysiology. Emphysema is a lung condition that is "characterized by the breakdown of the lungs' elastic structure and destruction of the walls of the bronchioles and aveoli." This condition breaks down the elastic structure of the surface area that is involved in respiration. Emphysema is associated with "abnormal levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood," which would naturally cause shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea (Rolfes, Pinna & Whitney, 2012, p.692). The underlying pathophysiology of emphysema in a nutshell is the breakdown of a coiled protein , called elastin, in the tissues of the lungs. Without the
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Identify features of physician's examination consistent with his admitting diagnosis. Describe the pathophysiology that might be responsible for each physical finding.
Cyanosis in the extremities
1. Causes for this is lack of oxygen caused by emphysema.
2. Lack of oxygen can cause blue skin due to poor circulation.
3. If Mr. Hayato's skin is blue this means there is something going wrong with his respiratory system because oxygen is not being carried to the arms and legs effectively.
Chest/lungs
1. harsh inspiratory breath sounds are noted over the right chest with absent sounds on the left.
2. due to chronic bronchitis (blue bloater)
3. This type of COPD is known to have "frequent episodes of right heart failure, and produces copious sputum resulting in coughing and respiratory infections."
4. Blue bloaters suffer from "pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction from the marked hypoxia and respiratory acidosis."
5. This leads to "right ventricular hypertrophy and cor pulmonale. The right heart failure then leads to "systemic venous congestion, peripheral edema, hepatic congestion, and ascites." …show more content…
Both overfeeding and carbohydrate metabolism "produce high carbon dioxide levels and expelling excess carbon dioxide, which puts an enormous burden on the already-stressed lungs: It is best to meet but not exceed energy needs to keep both carbon dioxide and RQ levels in check." According to the American Dietetic Association’s Manual of Clinical Dietetics “excess calories are more significant in the production of carbon dioxide than the carbohydrate to fat ratio.” The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen "consumed differs per macronutrient; the RQ for carbohydrate is 1, fat is 0.7, and protein is 0.8." So, there is not a significant difference between carbon dioxide produced between carbs, proteins, and fats. This is why it is just as important to check the caloric intake and RQ levels of a respiratory patient; it is more than just restricting carbs (Florian,
Identify features of physician's examination consistent with his admitting diagnosis. Describe the pathophysiology that might be responsible for each physical finding.
Cyanosis in the extremities
1. Causes for this is lack of oxygen caused by emphysema.
2. Lack of oxygen can cause blue skin due to poor circulation.
3. If Mr. Hayato's skin is blue this means there is something going wrong with his respiratory system because oxygen is not being carried to the arms and legs effectively.
Chest/lungs
1. harsh inspiratory breath sounds are noted over the right chest with absent sounds on the left.
2. due to chronic bronchitis (blue bloater)
3. This type of COPD is known to have "frequent episodes of right heart failure, and produces copious sputum resulting in coughing and respiratory infections."
4. Blue bloaters suffer from "pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction from the marked hypoxia and respiratory acidosis."
5. This leads to "right ventricular hypertrophy and cor pulmonale. The right heart failure then leads to "systemic venous congestion, peripheral edema, hepatic congestion, and ascites." …show more content…
Both overfeeding and carbohydrate metabolism "produce high carbon dioxide levels and expelling excess carbon dioxide, which puts an enormous burden on the already-stressed lungs: It is best to meet but not exceed energy needs to keep both carbon dioxide and RQ levels in check." According to the American Dietetic Association’s Manual of Clinical Dietetics “excess calories are more significant in the production of carbon dioxide than the carbohydrate to fat ratio.” The ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen "consumed differs per macronutrient; the RQ for carbohydrate is 1, fat is 0.7, and protein is 0.8." So, there is not a significant difference between carbon dioxide produced between carbs, proteins, and fats. This is why it is just as important to check the caloric intake and RQ levels of a respiratory patient; it is more than just restricting carbs (Florian,