I have reviewed the archive of the seminar and I believe that I have not able to answer or made at least 12 responses because of my internet connection or technical difficulties. The Option 2 questions with answers are as follows:
1. What aspects of DNA’s structure contribute to the stability of the DNA molecule?
The DNA’s double helix structure and the hydrogen bonding that bonds the bases contributes to the stability of the DNA molecule.
2. The DNA sequence is: 5’-ATTCGACC-3’. What will be the sequence of the complementary strand using this strand as the template?
The complementary strand would be TAAGCTGG.
3. When the base composition of double-stranded DNA from a new species of bacteria was determined, 30 percent of the bases were found …show more content…
Then, 100% - 60% = 40%. That would comprise both cytosine and guanine. Therefore, the percentage for cytosine is 20%.
4. How are chromosomes formed?
Chromosomes are formed when the DNA are packed or coiled around the protein histones to get ready for its replication.
5. List the different proteins and enzymes taking part in DNA replication. Give the function of each in the replication process.
The proteins and enzymes involved in the DNA replication process are:
1. DNA polymerase – it is the enzyme that synthesizes DNA and adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
2. Telomerase – an enzyme, which has both a protein and an RNA component, extends the telomeres by making copies of the repeat sequence (Pierce, 2013).
3. DNA helicase – is an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two bases of the two nucleotide strands (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
4. Single-strand-binding protein – this enzyme protects the single stranded nucleotide once the two strands were unwound (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
5. DNA gyrase – it is another enzyme needed for unwinding the DNA. This enzyme reduces the torque that builds up ahead of the replication fork as a result of unwinding (Pierce, 2013, p. …show more content…
Explain why DNA has a leading strand and a lagging strand and how they are replicated.
During the replication process in which the two strands of the DNA unwinding itself, “the template strand that is exposed in the 3′→5′ direction allows the new strand to be synthesized continuously, in the 5′→3′ direction” (Pierce, 2013, p. 239). The strand that “undergoes continuous replication is called the leading stand while the strand that undergoes discontinuous replication is called the lagging strand” (Pierce, 2013, pp. 239-240).
7. Some viruses such as influenza have RNA as their genetic material. How could this be beneficial to the virus? Why might DNA be a better genetic material for most organisms?
RNA is short-lived and this is beneficial to the virus because it can mutate much quicker and can adapt to the host’s environment. By doing so, the virus can proliferate faster. DNA is a better genetic material because it is stable and does not easily changed over time when it is passed on.
8. The sequencing of the Neanderthal genome has prompted speculation that it might be possible to genetically engineer a living Neanderthal. What ethical issues might arise from
1. What aspects of DNA’s structure contribute to the stability of the DNA molecule?
The DNA’s double helix structure and the hydrogen bonding that bonds the bases contributes to the stability of the DNA molecule.
2. The DNA sequence is: 5’-ATTCGACC-3’. What will be the sequence of the complementary strand using this strand as the template?
The complementary strand would be TAAGCTGG.
3. When the base composition of double-stranded DNA from a new species of bacteria was determined, 30 percent of the bases were found …show more content…
Then, 100% - 60% = 40%. That would comprise both cytosine and guanine. Therefore, the percentage for cytosine is 20%.
4. How are chromosomes formed?
Chromosomes are formed when the DNA are packed or coiled around the protein histones to get ready for its replication.
5. List the different proteins and enzymes taking part in DNA replication. Give the function of each in the replication process.
The proteins and enzymes involved in the DNA replication process are:
1. DNA polymerase – it is the enzyme that synthesizes DNA and adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the growing strand (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
2. Telomerase – an enzyme, which has both a protein and an RNA component, extends the telomeres by making copies of the repeat sequence (Pierce, 2013).
3. DNA helicase – is an enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two bases of the two nucleotide strands (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
4. Single-strand-binding protein – this enzyme protects the single stranded nucleotide once the two strands were unwound (Pierce, 2013, p. 241).
5. DNA gyrase – it is another enzyme needed for unwinding the DNA. This enzyme reduces the torque that builds up ahead of the replication fork as a result of unwinding (Pierce, 2013, p. …show more content…
Explain why DNA has a leading strand and a lagging strand and how they are replicated.
During the replication process in which the two strands of the DNA unwinding itself, “the template strand that is exposed in the 3′→5′ direction allows the new strand to be synthesized continuously, in the 5′→3′ direction” (Pierce, 2013, p. 239). The strand that “undergoes continuous replication is called the leading stand while the strand that undergoes discontinuous replication is called the lagging strand” (Pierce, 2013, pp. 239-240).
7. Some viruses such as influenza have RNA as their genetic material. How could this be beneficial to the virus? Why might DNA be a better genetic material for most organisms?
RNA is short-lived and this is beneficial to the virus because it can mutate much quicker and can adapt to the host’s environment. By doing so, the virus can proliferate faster. DNA is a better genetic material because it is stable and does not easily changed over time when it is passed on.
8. The sequencing of the Neanderthal genome has prompted speculation that it might be possible to genetically engineer a living Neanderthal. What ethical issues might arise from