The neutralization of the reaction was verified using pH paper to test whether the pH was neutral or slightly basic. At this point, the two possible products in the round bottom flask could have been exo- and endo-norborneol. Extraction and washing was performed and the exo- and endo-norborneol products formed were extracted into dichloromethane due to their similar solubilities, where the two products are overwhelmingly non-polar despite the one hydroxyl group. The dichloromethane (DCM) was the bottom layer formed, while the aqueous layer, the layer that was washed away, was the top and this was due to the weight of the chlorine atom that made DCM more dense. Extraction was repeated several times due to the partition coefficient, as it theorizes how smaller extractions are better than bigger extractions because they yield more concentrated extractions in the end.…
One of the proposed ways to improve the separation of the two chemicals was to increase the volume of methanol used to elute in this step1.…
Experiment 5: Separating Ferrocene and Acetylferrocene by Adsorption Column Chromatography AIM The primary goal of this experiment is to separate ferrocene and acetylferrocene using adsorption column chromatography. Additionally, a dry pack method with a micro scale column will be implemented, and the percent recovery for each compound will be computed. TABLE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS WITH STRUCTURES Ferrocene: - Physical Property: Solid Molecular Weight: 186.04 g/mole Boiling Point: 249 °C Melting Point: 173.5 °…
In this experiment, unknown B was a solid mixture containing two compounds of interests, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and neutral benzoic acid. These compounds were separated by extraction and washing, and liquid-liquid extraction was specifically performed. Extraction is the process by which a compound of interest is selectively removed from impurities, and washing is the process by which unwanted products or impurities are selectively removed from the desired product. In liquid-liquid extraction, unknown B was dissolved sequentially into two immiscible liquids via a separatory funnel.…
Experimental: Fractional distillation is setup by adding 25.0 ml of 2-methylcyclohexanol in a 100-ml round bottom flask and to this 10 ml of 9 M sulfuric acid is added which acts a catalyst to this reaction. The content is swirled is completely for about 2 minutes periodically. Then 3 boiling chips is added to the mixture, now starts the fraction distillation. The mixture is heated with a heating mantle for distillation to occur.…
Using the theoretical yield of 5.89 g the percent yield was calculated to be 70.97%. While special care was taken to follow the procedure, the recrystallization of the crude benzil product was challenging because while scratching the flask with the mixture there were no crystals produced. This may have influenced the final amount of crude…
The reaction mechanisms for bromination and nitration of toluene are indicated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The meta-bromotoluene and meta-nitrotoluene did not really form compared to the para-bromotoluene and para-nitrotoluene, which yielded the most product, because it did not form the most stable resonance structure with the carbocation at the methyl attachment like para-bromotoluene and para-nitrotoluene. On the other hand, ortho-bromotoluene and ortho-nitrotoluene has the same mechanism as para-nitrotoluene. The bromination of toluene resulted in a yield of 0.790 g (4.62 mmol, 46.2%) major products and para-bromotoluene and ortho-bromotoluene, while the nitration of toluene had a yield of 0.646 g (4.71 mmol, 51.3%) para-bromotoluene and…
Separation is based on a compounds affinity for a mobile phase verses a stationary phase. A compound that absorbs more in the stationary phase will move through the system at a slower rate thus separating the components. The type of chromatography used in this lab will be solid-liquid chromatography,…
This was due to the fact that the hexane was evaporating out of the conical reaction vial and collected once condensed in the distillation head. As time progressed, most of the hexane was removed,…
In the laboratory, toluene is used as a solvent for carbon nanomaterials, including nanotubes and fullerenes, and it can also be used as a fullerene indicator. The color of the toluene solution of C60 is bright purple. Toluene is used as a cement for fine polystyrene kits (by dissolving and then fusing surfaces) as it can be applied very precisely by brush and contains none of the bulk of an adhesive. Toluene can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments. Toluene has also been used as a coolant for its good heat transfer capabilities in sodium cold traps used in nuclear reactor system loops.…
Tocqueville discusses the pros and cons of the Puritan form of democracy, which became the basis of American democracy. The Puritan settlers focused on morality but unfortunately were missing the principle of religious tolerance, for they often persecuted other sects and even one another. They wrote up “fantastic and oppressive laws” voted on democratically by the whole community (Tocqueville 39). This gives way to opportunities for a democracy of the majority to turn into a tyranny towards the minority through numerous forms of oppression, specifically religious in the example of the Puritans. On the other hand, the great modern constitutional principles were all laid down in the societies of New England; for instance, in the participation…
Experiment 5 Synthesis and NMR Spectroscopy of ethyl cinnamate Introduction: Wittig reactions involve the stereoselective synthesis of olefins from phosphonium ylides and aldehydes or ketones, where the carbonyl bond is converted to an alkene double bond.1 The variety of suitable reagents and the relatively mild experimental conditions facilitate their industrial applications, such as the synthesis of epoxides, esters, carotenoids and vitamin A.2,3 Specifically, the ester ethyl cinnamate is used as a flavouring agent and in perfumes. The diastereomers of the alkene are distinguished through Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, where the coupling constants of alkenyl protons are different for (E) and (Z) isomers.4…
In a unimolecular elimination, the leaving group leaves to form a carbocation where the base removes a proton which results in an alkene The set up for the fractional distillation is slightly complicated. The round bottom flask with the cyclohexanol mixture sits inside of the depression of a heating mantle. All glass pieces clamp together with blue clips. The flask attaches to a vertical…
In particular, there was a significant amount of drying agent added which may have resulted in the loss of some product. As well, some product was lost in the removal of the product from the drying agent and during the distillation because of incomplete transfer. In addition, some was also likely lost through draining along with the aqueous phase during the washes and extractions. Improving the efficiency of these could increase the yield of the product by causing less…
Black smoke that released during combustion of toluene indicated its aromatic identity.…