Disciplinary Foundation

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Disciplinary Foundation Early studies on stress focused on physiological reactions to stressful stimuli. The term stress is borrowed from physics (Hobfoll, 1989). Conceptualization of health, stress, and coping are derived from many branches of research including biology and psychophysiology (e.g, Cannon, 1932). Diverse health and behavioral science disciplines including epidemiology, personality psychology, cognitive and social psychology and medicine, have contributed to understanding stress and coping (Glanz & Schwartz, 2008).
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Walter Cannon (1932) first described the “fight-or-flight” response to stressful stimuli. In the physiologic phenomenon, the response was considered as human behavioral response to stress, whether

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