Diabetes insipidus (DI) is the result of the body not properly producing, storing or releasing anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). This can be caused by a number of factors and/or injuries to certain organs of the body. DI is an uncommon disorder characterized by two major symptoms: polyuria and polydipsia (American). Polyuria is defined as the excretion of large amounts of urine. Polydipsia is defined as intense thirst even though large amounts of fluids are consumed. Other signs may include nocturia (frequent night-time urination) and bed-wetting. The signs and symptoms of DI in small children and infants may also include weight loss, dry skin, diarrhea, fever, vomiting and delayed growth (Saudek). DI can vary in severity from person to person.
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The four types of DI are: Central DI, Nephrogenic DI, Gestational DI and Primary Polydipsia DI. Central DI in adults is usually caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary glands. Damage to these glands can result from a surgery, a tumor, a brain injury or an illness such as meningitis. In some cases the cause is unknown and for children it is usually a genetic condition passed on by the mother. Because of the lack of ADH, this type of DI is usually treated with desmopressin (Diabetes). Desmopressin is a synthetic hormone that replaces ADH and can be injected, taken orally or by nasal spray. Nephrogenic DI occurs when there's a defect in the structures of the kidneys that control water to excretion or reabsorbtion called the kidney tubules. Because of this defect the kidneys are unable to correctly respond to ADH produced by the pituitary gland within the brain. Nephrogenic DI can also be caused by a genetic condition or certain drugs that damage the kidneys. These drugs include a tetracycline antibiotic called demeclocycline and lithium (Saudek). This type of DI can be treated by maintaining a low-salt diet and drinking enough water to stay hydrated at normal levels. Also, hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic) may be taken to reduce symptoms. Gestational DI, as the name implies, only occurs during pregnancy. This form of DI occurs when …show more content…
Over time, DM can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. In a multinational study, 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke) (Null). Nerve damage (neuropathy), in addition to reduced blood flow in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, and infection and which can result in the need for limb amputation. Diabetic retinopathy is an major cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina (American). One percent of global blindness can be attributed to DM and it is also one of the leading causes of kidney failure (Diabetes). The overall risk of dying among people with DM is at least double the risk of people without it
The four types of DI are: Central DI, Nephrogenic DI, Gestational DI and Primary Polydipsia DI. Central DI in adults is usually caused by damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary glands. Damage to these glands can result from a surgery, a tumor, a brain injury or an illness such as meningitis. In some cases the cause is unknown and for children it is usually a genetic condition passed on by the mother. Because of the lack of ADH, this type of DI is usually treated with desmopressin (Diabetes). Desmopressin is a synthetic hormone that replaces ADH and can be injected, taken orally or by nasal spray. Nephrogenic DI occurs when there's a defect in the structures of the kidneys that control water to excretion or reabsorbtion called the kidney tubules. Because of this defect the kidneys are unable to correctly respond to ADH produced by the pituitary gland within the brain. Nephrogenic DI can also be caused by a genetic condition or certain drugs that damage the kidneys. These drugs include a tetracycline antibiotic called demeclocycline and lithium (Saudek). This type of DI can be treated by maintaining a low-salt diet and drinking enough water to stay hydrated at normal levels. Also, hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic) may be taken to reduce symptoms. Gestational DI, as the name implies, only occurs during pregnancy. This form of DI occurs when …show more content…
Over time, DM can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. In a multinational study, 50% of people with diabetes die of cardiovascular disease (primarily heart disease and stroke) (Null). Nerve damage (neuropathy), in addition to reduced blood flow in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, and infection and which can result in the need for limb amputation. Diabetic retinopathy is an major cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina (American). One percent of global blindness can be attributed to DM and it is also one of the leading causes of kidney failure (Diabetes). The overall risk of dying among people with DM is at least double the risk of people without it