Montaigne and Charon may have said
Montaigne and Charon may have said
Therefore, the language test does not prove that animals are non-rational creatures or that they lack consciousness as Descartes suggests. The absence of speech, Descartes reasons, can only be explained in terms of animals lacking what speech expresses—thought. From this, he concludes that animals also lack all forms of consciousness, since, for Descartes, thought is the very object of conscious…
There is no doubting the fact that animals do not have rights in the conventional sense, or in any other sense for that matter. The reason is because they are not moral agents; they cannot do things out of a sense of right or wrong and cannot reason, as opposed to humans. Without reasoning, they are unable to have rights and therefore, are not responsible. Does that mean humans have the right to treat animals badly? Of course not; but that is for humans to decide, because animals cannot decide anything.…
Animals are able to only have lower pleasures they do not debate with other animals. Pigs are not writing a dissertations, they are rooting around in mud and eating. Humans have the power to decide that they would rather compose music than indulge in animistic wants. The extent I think about what I want to achieve…
On the article “A Change of Heart about Animals”, Jeremy Rifkin argues that animals should be treated humanely because, according to science, the differences between animals and humans are less than what we think. He believes that animals should be given the rights that protect them from inhumane treatment and human consumption. He is telling us that we have to give them the same rights that a human possesses. In affirmation to Jeremy Rifkin, we should treat animals humanely because they also have a heart that can feel pain and a brain that can think.…
Animals are not human. However close they may be, that is up to biology, but the fact still remains that animals are not human. In “A Change of Heart about Animals,” Jeremy Rifkin says that science has discovered that animals “feel pain, suffer and experience stress, affection, excitement and even love – and these findings are changing how we view animals.” (15)…
PHI 1000 Fall 2016 Prof. Drain Essay #2 Thoughts on Thought After examining the several angles to the issue of animal cognition, it is my conclusion that non-human animals are in fact capable of thought. Although humans certainly display a superior cognitive ability, I believe the cognition of animals is not of an entirely different type, and that whatever difference remains is simply one of degree. While Davidson and Descartes tend to argue that language is a necessary component for rational creatures, Hobbes and Searle give non-human creatures more “cognitive credit,” citing their ability perceive, and to have and correct beliefs, as proof of being conscious, thinking, beings. Pointing to the immense biological similarities between humans…
In the essay “An Argument for Animalism” by Eric T. Olson, he concludes that personal identity is psychological continuity. I will disagree with Olson’s ideas about personal identity in the brain-transplant and the thinking-animal argument. The main point of the paper is about animalism. Olson’s argument is that each one of us is numerically identical to a human animal. Olson says that a person could exist who is not numerically identical to any animal, but it’s not the case for you and I. Olson, then presents his ‘Thinking-Animal Argument’ and the alternatives to that.…
One of his most well-known theses, Descartes believed that it would be logically impossible to have empty space or a vacuum based on his doctrine of extension. His justification for this claim is quite simple, he thinks that space and body are identical or that at least the ideas of each are the same in relation to one another. In ‘The Principles of Material Things Part II’ Descartes explains his reasoning behind his theory that a vacuum or empty space would be ultimately impossible. Firstly, he states that “It is contrary to reason to say that there is a void or space in which there is absolutely nothing” (Descartes Principles).…
Proctor argues that since humans and animals both have the ability to feel positive and negative emotions, they both deserve the respect and the right to not be treated cruelly. Marian Stamp Dawkins expands on the idea that animals deserve to be treated without cruelty in “The Science of Animal Suffering.” Dawkins addresses humanity’s moral obligation to treat animals with dignity and explains how humans can accomplish this different relationship with animals. Robert Garner’s article, “In Defence of Animal Sentience: A Critique of Cochrane’s Liberty Thesis,” furthers the debate on animal rights to include not only the right to not suffer, but also include the right to not be used in any circumstance. Animal rights may only be fully achieved once humans recognize animals’ dignity as living beings.…
“Aristotelian science had taught that the fundamental units of being were substances, in which qualities or ‘accidents’ were lodged: thus, a cow is a substance, the redness of the cow an accident. Descartes abolished this distinction, holding, instead, that everything physical that exists is simply matter in space.” “Descartes believed that he could infallibly deduce another crucial principle: the existence of a good God, who guarantees the truth of my perceptions and so underwrites the existence of the world” (Kirsch 2016). At this point in time, Descartes believes that he is more modern than those he has succeeded. However, it can be predicted that when someone after him advances his research and or deems it something unworthy of acknowledgement, as did Gottlieb, due to more recent findings, Descartes would have the same kinds of emotions as John Donne and…
I will argue that Descartes, using his own criteria for making and avoiding mistakes, cannot be making a mistake when he proves the existence of God in meditation three in his Meditations on First Philosophy. I will develop my argument in two parts. First, I will present Descartes’s argument for how mistakes are made and avoided.…
In his essay, “Animals Should Not Be Given Rights at the Expense of Human Needs” (2009), Edwin Locke states, “Rights are ethical principles applicable only to beings capable of reason and choice” (Locke par. 5). He is stating that unlike animals, people are taught reasoning and to think through situations, but animal’s instincts are to kill for food and protect themselves. He then goes on to illustrate, “Animals do not survive by rational thought (nor by sign languages allegedly taught to them by psychologists). They survive through sensory-perceptual association and the pleasure-pain mechanism. They cannot reason.”…
Rene Descartes the father of modern philosophy, a philosopher known to believe things to be true until it was proven otherwise. In these meditations Descartes had complex opinions. In the case of Descartes in meditations a greater individual than him existed. Descartes’ claim insisted with the existence of the idea of God to the real existence of God. To support his argumentative opinions, Descartes points two distinct arguments that were utilized by “Augustine in the fourth century and Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century” (Shouler).…
Something which can be difficult to distinguish when reading the Meditations is whether Descartes is talking about truth in its purest sense or reality. In the second meditation, he argues that when looking to establish truth we need to accept that we exist otherwise we cannot judge the truth in anything else. But this can be confusing as he is relating truth and reality and equalling them to each other. If Descartes here, is referring to the idea of reality he is arguing that for us to judge the reality of anything else, we must admit that through our ability to think for ourselves and rationalise, we must be real. However, if he is referring to truth, then he is using the truth of our own thoughts to rationalise the truth of all else.…
Rene Descartes associates as an Early Modern Thinker as he obtains opposing views from the Medieval Period. Descartes believes that the Medieval Period thinkers suffer corruption because of their theocentric views and negligence regarding advancing knowledge, as the medieval thinkers practice exegesis. Descartes concludes that an intellectual revolution is necessary in order to completely break with the corrupt past in order to gain new knowledge and truths. In order to achieve new truths and most certain knowledge, Descartes yearns for indubitably, the inability to doubt claims.…