Since 1885 when the application of cocaine in neuro-ophthalmology was discovered, "the use of cocaine has become a standard diagnostic substance for the confirmation of the impairment of the sympathetic pathways, in clinical use mainly for Horner 's syndrome" (Grzybowski 299). Because cocaine acts by its capacity to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and nor-adrenaline in the central nervous system, there are increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. "A recent study has suggested that the combination of phenylephrine and cocaine can induce mydriasis as a indicator of the systematic reduction in the sympathetic innervation, which could aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson 's disease" (Grzybowski 300). Horner 's syndrome is a result of the disruption of the ipsilateral sympathetic pathway. If any part of the sympathetic pathway is disrupted, cocaine will fail to dilate the pupils which means it is a good indication of the presence of Horner 's syndrome. The use of cocaine to diagnose Horner 's syndrome is a form of testing called pharmalogical testing. (Pilley,
Since 1885 when the application of cocaine in neuro-ophthalmology was discovered, "the use of cocaine has become a standard diagnostic substance for the confirmation of the impairment of the sympathetic pathways, in clinical use mainly for Horner 's syndrome" (Grzybowski 299). Because cocaine acts by its capacity to inhibit the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and nor-adrenaline in the central nervous system, there are increased levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft. "A recent study has suggested that the combination of phenylephrine and cocaine can induce mydriasis as a indicator of the systematic reduction in the sympathetic innervation, which could aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson 's disease" (Grzybowski 300). Horner 's syndrome is a result of the disruption of the ipsilateral sympathetic pathway. If any part of the sympathetic pathway is disrupted, cocaine will fail to dilate the pupils which means it is a good indication of the presence of Horner 's syndrome. The use of cocaine to diagnose Horner 's syndrome is a form of testing called pharmalogical testing. (Pilley,