Wiess 1977, describes two models;
• Knowledge–driven model: Basic research – Applied research- development- policy application
• Problem-solving model: Problem exists- Research provides empirical evidence- suggests policy action(101)
2.13 Health Policies and oral health neglect:
Oral health has mostly been neglected in national health policies and strategies. As per Benzian et al, globally oral health neglect is due to a lack of political attention, especially in low- and middle-income countries.(102) In the last few decades there is an increasing recognition for NCDs, yet oral diseases have not been commonly included in global and national level agendas especially in low and middle income countries. (103) Different countries have different …show more content…
3.2 Study design
The Study will be a Quasi-Experimental design aiming to assess the effectiveness of mHealth intervention on improving oral hygiene and dietary practices of school children. The study will be undertaken among 10 to 12 years aged school children of public and private sector and their parents/ caregivers in Quetta city of Balochistan province. The study will consist of two arms i.e intervention and control. After conducting a baseline, students in both the arms shall receive Oral Health Education (OHE) at schools through their class teachers. One session comprising of one hour will be conducted for the children. The students shall also be provided with OHE material to take home for their parents/ …show more content…
3.6.2 Sampling size calculation:
Sample size is calculated by the following normogram developed by Altman, with 40% reduction in the gingivitis, 90% power of study and 95% confidence interval. (107) (108) Figure 7 Nomogram for calculating sample size or power by Altman. Available from Whitley E, Ball J. Statistics review 4: sample size calculations. Critical care. 2002;6(4):335.
The axis at the left hand in the figure shows the effect size or the standard difference, which we expect as 40% (0.4) and axis on right hand shows the power of study, which we consider for this study as 90% (0.90). The total sample size for this study is calculated by drawing a straight line from the right to left axis. Since the P value (Significance level) considered as 0.05, the upper part of intersection is taken as the total sample size for both the arms (Intervention and control) which is
• Knowledge–driven model: Basic research – Applied research- development- policy application
• Problem-solving model: Problem exists- Research provides empirical evidence- suggests policy action(101)
2.13 Health Policies and oral health neglect:
Oral health has mostly been neglected in national health policies and strategies. As per Benzian et al, globally oral health neglect is due to a lack of political attention, especially in low- and middle-income countries.(102) In the last few decades there is an increasing recognition for NCDs, yet oral diseases have not been commonly included in global and national level agendas especially in low and middle income countries. (103) Different countries have different …show more content…
3.2 Study design
The Study will be a Quasi-Experimental design aiming to assess the effectiveness of mHealth intervention on improving oral hygiene and dietary practices of school children. The study will be undertaken among 10 to 12 years aged school children of public and private sector and their parents/ caregivers in Quetta city of Balochistan province. The study will consist of two arms i.e intervention and control. After conducting a baseline, students in both the arms shall receive Oral Health Education (OHE) at schools through their class teachers. One session comprising of one hour will be conducted for the children. The students shall also be provided with OHE material to take home for their parents/ …show more content…
3.6.2 Sampling size calculation:
Sample size is calculated by the following normogram developed by Altman, with 40% reduction in the gingivitis, 90% power of study and 95% confidence interval. (107) (108) Figure 7 Nomogram for calculating sample size or power by Altman. Available from Whitley E, Ball J. Statistics review 4: sample size calculations. Critical care. 2002;6(4):335.
The axis at the left hand in the figure shows the effect size or the standard difference, which we expect as 40% (0.4) and axis on right hand shows the power of study, which we consider for this study as 90% (0.90). The total sample size for this study is calculated by drawing a straight line from the right to left axis. Since the P value (Significance level) considered as 0.05, the upper part of intersection is taken as the total sample size for both the arms (Intervention and control) which is