Cardiac Pacemaker Research Paper

Implantable cardiac pacemakers By virtue of the light weight and high theoretical capacity of lithium metal, lithium primary batteries have been widespread in health-improving medical devices since the successful implantation of the first lithium-powered pacemaker in 1970s.29, 30 Depending on the power level, implantable medical device primary batteries fall into several categories: low-rate batteries outputting microwatts of power such as batteries for cardiac pacemakers and hearing devices; medium-rate batteries outputting milliwatts of power such as batteries for drug delivery systems and bone growth stimulators and high-rate batteries such as batteries for implantable cardiac defibrillators which need to deliver a power pulse of 40 J within milliseconds.31 …show more content…
Discuss paper regarding prediction of voltage profile for long life CFx batteries here. S. Davis, E. Takeuchi, W. Tiedemann, J. Newman, J. Electrochem Soc 154 (5) (2007) A477-A480.
A cardiac pacemaker is a medical device that can help control abnormal heart rhythms. It delivers electrical pulses with proper intensity to stimulate the heart to beat at a desired rate. Surgical treatment is required to implant a cardiac pacemaker. The first cardiac pacemaker powered by a zinc/mercuric oxide battery was successfully implanted in a human being in 1960s.32, 33 This battery system helped make possible the development of the pacemaker, but significant drawbacks such as high self-discharge and generation of hydrogen as a by-product of cell reaction existed. A rechargeable pacemaker battery was developed in 1970s using a nickel/cadmium battery system. The battery was recharged inductively through the skins, however, the battery was short-life and patient compliance was an issue.34 Nuclear batteries were developed for pacemakers. These batteries used plutonium to generate heat and convert heat into electrical energy. However, the nuclear component was highly toxic once leaked