Treatment options available for bile leak include surgical repair, percutaneous biliary drainage and endoscopic biliary drainage. (12) It is important to select the appropriate therapeutic approaches according to the setting. Resorting to surgery as a primary approach for therapy should not be the standard practice. On the other hand, strict adherence to a conservative approach, which employs non-surgical methods and excludes surgery, is associated with an obligatory 9% conversion to surgery at an advanced stage of the disease, together with a mortality rate of
