This shows Onychonycteris finneyi, a bat fossil. The image shows its wing digits widely spread out with small claws on tip of each finger. It also shows the long tail found in earlier bat fossils (Moskowitz, 2008).
Molecular Mechanisms
The origins of bats wing muscles, molecular and cellular mechanisms are unknown but this research shows that the wing muscles of bats come from “a multiple myogenic source of different embryonic origins” (Tokita, Abe, && Suzuki, 2012). The results conclude that wing muscles patterning can be controlled by wing membrane. By using comparative gene expression analysis, it was noticed that Fgf10 signaling is triggered in the primordia of wing membrane. Lastly, the results show how Fgf signaling is potentially …show more content…
The results indicate that the forelimb digits of bats compress during stage 15. It then elongates in later stages. At the end of the experiment, 426 genes were found to be expressed at higher level in elongating forelimb and 532 genes were expressed at higher level in the short digits. The genes were then sorted to find the key genes that play a major role in evolution of morphology and also with high expression in the elongating or short digits (Wang, et al., …show more content…
Shh is necessary for limb development because it creates the anterior-posterior limb polarity (Chiang, et al., 2001). Shh is expressed in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) when limbs are being developed. It is needed for growth and anterior-posterior patterning of the limb. “Changes in the spatial and temporal regulation of the Shh pathway may be responsible for the unique skeletal structure of the bat limb, because the processes of A-P patterning and limb bud growth are dramatically altered during bat limb development”. (Shh) helps pattern the anterior-posterior limbs of vertebrate that are being developed in a feedback loop that includes Fgfs, Bmps, and Gremlin. In bat limbs, the digits in the posterior forelimb are lengthened and connected together by tissues, whereas the thumb is short this makes it unique. In this study, the patterns of Shh and Patched 1 (Ptc1) were studied throughout limb development of two bat species. This research suggests that initiating Shh and Fgf8 expression in bat limbs triggers Shh-Fgf signaling loop which aids in lengthening the digits at the posterior forelimb. (Hockmana, Cretekosb, Masonc, Behringerd, Jacobsc, & Illing,
Molecular Mechanisms
The origins of bats wing muscles, molecular and cellular mechanisms are unknown but this research shows that the wing muscles of bats come from “a multiple myogenic source of different embryonic origins” (Tokita, Abe, && Suzuki, 2012). The results conclude that wing muscles patterning can be controlled by wing membrane. By using comparative gene expression analysis, it was noticed that Fgf10 signaling is triggered in the primordia of wing membrane. Lastly, the results show how Fgf signaling is potentially …show more content…
The results indicate that the forelimb digits of bats compress during stage 15. It then elongates in later stages. At the end of the experiment, 426 genes were found to be expressed at higher level in elongating forelimb and 532 genes were expressed at higher level in the short digits. The genes were then sorted to find the key genes that play a major role in evolution of morphology and also with high expression in the elongating or short digits (Wang, et al., …show more content…
Shh is necessary for limb development because it creates the anterior-posterior limb polarity (Chiang, et al., 2001). Shh is expressed in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) when limbs are being developed. It is needed for growth and anterior-posterior patterning of the limb. “Changes in the spatial and temporal regulation of the Shh pathway may be responsible for the unique skeletal structure of the bat limb, because the processes of A-P patterning and limb bud growth are dramatically altered during bat limb development”. (Shh) helps pattern the anterior-posterior limbs of vertebrate that are being developed in a feedback loop that includes Fgfs, Bmps, and Gremlin. In bat limbs, the digits in the posterior forelimb are lengthened and connected together by tissues, whereas the thumb is short this makes it unique. In this study, the patterns of Shh and Patched 1 (Ptc1) were studied throughout limb development of two bat species. This research suggests that initiating Shh and Fgf8 expression in bat limbs triggers Shh-Fgf signaling loop which aids in lengthening the digits at the posterior forelimb. (Hockmana, Cretekosb, Masonc, Behringerd, Jacobsc, & Illing,