Friction loss is defined as the pressure loss or head loss that usually occurs in pipeline fluid flow because of the viscosity effect near the surface of the pipe. When the fluid flows along the pipeline, it produces frictional resistance thus results in loss of energy or total head loss of the fluid. Therefore, experiment was conducted to verify the Darcy Weisbach equation by determining the pressure loss along a horizontal pipe. Figure A below shows the diagram of friction loss along a horizontal pipe with length, l that is equals to the difference in levels piezometers A and B, h. Figure A: Diagram illustrating the frictional loss in terms of pressure head.
Darcy Weisbach equation is used to calculate frictional loss (hf) as shown below …show more content…
Each dye of flow depends on the velocity of the fluid. Laminar flow could be determined when the filament appeared as a straight line that passed down the whole length of the tube that occurs at low densities. When the filament found to be fluctuating in water, it is considered as transitional flow due to its velocity at intermediate. Furthermore, turbulent flow could be identified when the filament mixed with the surrounding water randomly after passing a little way along the pipe at high velocities. The type of flow whether its laminar, transitional or turbulent solely depends on the Reynolds number, Re value. When the Reynolds number, Re is less than 2000, it is considered as laminar flow whereas Reynolds number, Re between 2000 to 4000 is referred as transitional flow and for turbulent flow, the Reynolds number should be more than …show more content…
of Run Reynolds
Number, Re Volume, v Time, t Flowrate, Q h1 h2
Velocity, V
Log (Δh)
Log V Δh hf (Experimental) hf (Theory) Percentage Difference m3 s m3/s mmH2O mmH2O m2/s mmH2O kPa %
1 818.46 8.0×10-5 37 2.16 × 10-6 250.00 210.00 0.31 1.60 -0.51 40.00 0.39 0.04 0.07 3
2 1848.16 8.3×10-5 17 4.88 × 10-6 300.00 160.00 0.69 2.15 -0.16 140.00 1.37 0.14 0.15 1
3 1682.40 8.0×10-5 18 4.14 × 10-6 295.00 169.00 0.63 2.10 -0.20 126.00 1.24 0.13 0.13 0
4 2387.71 8.2×10-5 13 6.31 × 10-6 355.00 110.00 0.89 2.39 -0.05 245.00 2.40 0.24 0.32 8
5 2856.25 8.3×10-5 11 7.55 × 10-6 380.00 50.00 1.07 2.52 0.03 330.00 3.24 0.33 0.44 11
6 3255.44 8.6×10-5 10 8.60 × 10-6 425.00 30.00 1.22 2.60 0.09 395.00 3.87 0.39 0.55 16
7 3927.34 8.3×10-5 8 1.04 × 10-5 1495.46 2039.27 1.47 2.74 0.17 543.80 5.33 0.54 0.76 22
8 5362.64 8.5×10-5 6 1.42 × 10-5 1264.34 2216.00 2.00 2.98 0.30 951.66 9.33 0.95 1.80 85
9 7854.69 8.3×10-5 4 2.08 × 10-5 679.76 2827.78 2.94 3.33 0.47 2148.03 21.06 2.15 3.75 160
10 10346.74 8.2×10-5 3 2.73 × 10-5 203.93 3262.82 3.87 3.49 0.59 3058.90 30.00 3.06 6.09
Darcy Weisbach equation is used to calculate frictional loss (hf) as shown below …show more content…
Each dye of flow depends on the velocity of the fluid. Laminar flow could be determined when the filament appeared as a straight line that passed down the whole length of the tube that occurs at low densities. When the filament found to be fluctuating in water, it is considered as transitional flow due to its velocity at intermediate. Furthermore, turbulent flow could be identified when the filament mixed with the surrounding water randomly after passing a little way along the pipe at high velocities. The type of flow whether its laminar, transitional or turbulent solely depends on the Reynolds number, Re value. When the Reynolds number, Re is less than 2000, it is considered as laminar flow whereas Reynolds number, Re between 2000 to 4000 is referred as transitional flow and for turbulent flow, the Reynolds number should be more than …show more content…
of Run Reynolds
Number, Re Volume, v Time, t Flowrate, Q h1 h2
Velocity, V
Log (Δh)
Log V Δh hf (Experimental) hf (Theory) Percentage Difference m3 s m3/s mmH2O mmH2O m2/s mmH2O kPa %
1 818.46 8.0×10-5 37 2.16 × 10-6 250.00 210.00 0.31 1.60 -0.51 40.00 0.39 0.04 0.07 3
2 1848.16 8.3×10-5 17 4.88 × 10-6 300.00 160.00 0.69 2.15 -0.16 140.00 1.37 0.14 0.15 1
3 1682.40 8.0×10-5 18 4.14 × 10-6 295.00 169.00 0.63 2.10 -0.20 126.00 1.24 0.13 0.13 0
4 2387.71 8.2×10-5 13 6.31 × 10-6 355.00 110.00 0.89 2.39 -0.05 245.00 2.40 0.24 0.32 8
5 2856.25 8.3×10-5 11 7.55 × 10-6 380.00 50.00 1.07 2.52 0.03 330.00 3.24 0.33 0.44 11
6 3255.44 8.6×10-5 10 8.60 × 10-6 425.00 30.00 1.22 2.60 0.09 395.00 3.87 0.39 0.55 16
7 3927.34 8.3×10-5 8 1.04 × 10-5 1495.46 2039.27 1.47 2.74 0.17 543.80 5.33 0.54 0.76 22
8 5362.64 8.5×10-5 6 1.42 × 10-5 1264.34 2216.00 2.00 2.98 0.30 951.66 9.33 0.95 1.80 85
9 7854.69 8.3×10-5 4 2.08 × 10-5 679.76 2827.78 2.94 3.33 0.47 2148.03 21.06 2.15 3.75 160
10 10346.74 8.2×10-5 3 2.73 × 10-5 203.93 3262.82 3.87 3.49 0.59 3058.90 30.00 3.06 6.09