Vaccination is the process of injecting antigenic material to stimulate immune response. Conventional vaccines insert attenuated or killed infectious agent, such as virus or antigenic protein, into the body to stimulate immune system to develop immunity against the pathogen. However, this type of vaccines has some weakness. For example, attenuated virus may suddenly become very active in the body and cause disease instead of stimulating immune response. Conventional vaccines also unable to stimulate immune system to develop protection from some viruses such as African swine fever virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. A new approach to make vaccines is by utilizing gene cloning technique and DNA sequence. This type of vaccination is called DNA vaccination.
DNA vaccination is a method used to generate antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity. The basic concept of DNA vaccine is to clone target gene into a mammalian expression. In other words, this type of vaccination allows mammalian cells to …show more content…
Injection is commonly done using needle injection. However, immune response generated is weak, mainly due to inefficient uptake of plasmids by cell, resulting in lower level of antigenic protein produced. There are also some inconveniences regarding injection of vaccines using needle. To solve these problems, many new strategies such as: (1) electroporation, (2) chemical (liposome and various polymers) and mucosal delivery, and (3) needle-free injection are being tested out. Electroporation induces temporary pores to allow cell membrane uptake bulky molecules such as plasmid DNA. Liposomes and mucosal delivery are able to fuse with cell and release their content. Needle-free injection arise due to recent awareness of needle-associated transmission diseases such as HIV or hepatitis B. Needle-free injection works by forcing liquid at high speed and pressure through a micro-orifice that is held against the
DNA vaccination is a method used to generate antigen-specific antibody and cell-mediated immunity. The basic concept of DNA vaccine is to clone target gene into a mammalian expression. In other words, this type of vaccination allows mammalian cells to …show more content…
Injection is commonly done using needle injection. However, immune response generated is weak, mainly due to inefficient uptake of plasmids by cell, resulting in lower level of antigenic protein produced. There are also some inconveniences regarding injection of vaccines using needle. To solve these problems, many new strategies such as: (1) electroporation, (2) chemical (liposome and various polymers) and mucosal delivery, and (3) needle-free injection are being tested out. Electroporation induces temporary pores to allow cell membrane uptake bulky molecules such as plasmid DNA. Liposomes and mucosal delivery are able to fuse with cell and release their content. Needle-free injection arise due to recent awareness of needle-associated transmission diseases such as HIV or hepatitis B. Needle-free injection works by forcing liquid at high speed and pressure through a micro-orifice that is held against the