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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Encoding
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forming a memory code
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storage
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maintaining encoded information in memory over time.
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retrieval
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recovering information from memory stores.
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Next-In-Line Effect
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Not remembering basic information due to the fixation of what oneself is going to say in the future.
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Attention
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involves focusing one's awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events.
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structural encoding
(persons) |
relatively shallow processing that emphasizes the physical structure of the stimulus. -Capitol or lowercase lettering, how many letters-
(Craik & Lockhart) |
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phonemic encoding
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emphasizes what a word sounds like.
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semantic encoding
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emphasizes meaning of verbal input.
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Levels-of-Processing Theory
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proposes that deeper level processing will result in longer-lasting memories.
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Elaboration
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linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
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Pavio's Dual-Coding Theory
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holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since both lead to recall.
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Self-Reverant Encoding
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involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant.
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Sensory Memory
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preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time.
MORE LIKE AN ECHO THAN A MEMORY! |
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Short-Term Memory (STM)
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a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed material for up to 20 seconds.
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Who is George Miller?
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The man who pointed out the small capacity of STM.
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Who is Allan Baddeley?
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He developed "working memory"
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Central Executive System
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controls the development of attention, switching and dividing attention as needed.
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Episodic buffer
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a temporary, limited-capacity store that allows carious components of working memory to integrate with long-term memory.
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Long-Term Memory (LTM)
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an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
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Flashbulb Memories
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unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.
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Conceptual Hierarchy
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multilevel classification system based on common properties among items.
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schema
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an unorganized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event. PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO REMEMBER THINGS RELATED TO THEM, OPPOSITE ALSO OCCURS.
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semantic network
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consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts.
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retrieval codes
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stimuli that help gain access to memories.
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misinformation effect
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occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post event information.
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cryptomnesia
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inadvertent plagerism
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Who is Herman Ebbinghaus?
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first scientist to conduct studies about forget.
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retention
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refers to the proportion of material retained.
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recall measure of retention
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requires subjects to reproduce information without any cues.
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recognition measure of retention
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*Multiple choice, true-false, matching.
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Relearning Measure of retention
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requires subjects to relearn material a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by learning it once.
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pseudoforgetting
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claiming you forgot something when you actually didn't learn it in the first place.
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Decay Theory
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proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time.
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interference theory
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proposes that people forget information because of competing material.
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retroactive interference
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occurs when new information impairs the retention of previous learned material.
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proactive interference
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occurs when previously learned information interferes with new information.
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Who is James McGaugh?
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theorized that adrenal hormones affect memory storage by modulating activity in the amygdala.
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Who is Richard F. Thompson?
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showed that specific memories may depend on localized neural circuits.
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Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
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a long-lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway.
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retrograde amnesia
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the loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.
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anterograde amnesia
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the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.
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declaritive memory system
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handles factual information
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procedural memory system
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houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses and emotional responses.
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episodic memory system
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made up of chronological, temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences.
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semantic memory system
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contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned.
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prospective memory
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involves remembering to perform actions in the future.
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retrospective memory
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involves remembering events from the past or previously learned information.
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